NCERT Class 10 Mathematics for Blind Students made Screen Readable by Professor T K Bansal.

In Class 9, you began your exploration of the world of real numbers and encountered irrational numbers. We shall continue our discussion on real numbers in this chapter. We will begin with two very important properties of positive integers in Sections 1.2 and 1.3, namely the Euclid’s division algorithm and the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.

1.1.1 Euclid’s division algorithm

Euclid’s division algorithm, as the name suggests, has to do with divisibility of integers. Stated simply, it says any positive integer α can be divided by another positive integer β in such a way that it leaves a remainder r that is less than β. Many of you probably recognize this as the usual long division process. Although this result is quite easy to state and understand, it has many applications related to the divisibility properties of integers. We’ll touch upon a few of them and will use it mainly to compute the HCF of two positive integers.

1.1.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, on the other hand, has to do something with the multiplication of positive integers. You already know that every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime numbers in a unique way - this important fact is the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. Again, while it is a result that is easy to state and understand, it has some very deep and significant applications in the field of mathematics.

We use the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic for two main applications.

First, we use it to prove the irrationality of many of the numbers you studied in Class 9, such as √2, √3 and √5.

Second, we apply this theorem to explore when exactly the decimal expansion of a rational number, say p/q (q ≠ 0), is terminating and when it is non-terminating repeating. We do so by looking at the prime factorization of the denominator q of p/q. You will see that the prime factorization of q will completely reveal the nature of the decimal expansion of p/q.

So let us begin our exploration.