NCERT Class 9 Mathematics Textbook for Blind Students made Screen Readable by Professor T K Bansal.

In this chapter, we have studied the following points:

1.
Though Euclid defined a point, a line, and a plane, the definitions are not accepted by mathematicians. Therefore, these terms are now taken as undefined.

2.
Axioms or postulates are the assumptions which are obvious universal truths. They are not proved.

3.
Theorems are statements which are proved, using definitions, axioms, previously proved statements and deductive reasoning.

4.
Some of Euclid’s axioms were :
(i) Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
(ii) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
(iii) If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
(iv) Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
(v) The whole is greater than the part.
(vi) Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.
(vii) Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another.

5.
Euclid’s postulates were :

Postulate 1 :
A straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other point.

Postulate 2 :
A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.

Postulate 3 :
A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius.

Postulate 4 :
All right angles are equal to one another.

Postulate 5 :
If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it taken together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which the sum of angles is less than two right angles.

6.
Two equivalent versions of Euclid’s fifth postulate are:
(i) ‘For every line l and for every point P not lying on l, there exists a unique line m passing through P and parallel to l’.:
(ii) Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line.

7.
All the attempts to prove Euclid’s fifth postulate using the first 4 postulates failed. But they led to the discovery of several other geometries, called non-Euclidean geometries.

Acknowledgements

We at ‘Blind to Visionaries Trust’, are thankful to
1. Dr. T K Bansal, M.Tech, PhD (IIT Delhi), P.D.F (University of oxford) and former senior lecture from IIT Kharagpur, for planning, organizing and describing this lesson for visually impaired students
2. Mr. Arun kumar for typing and setting this lesson with full devotion and dedication, and for helping Dr T K Bansal in writing the alt text for each and every figure.
3. In case you suggest us any improvement or can point us any mistakes in this chapter your name will also be added to this list of contributors
4. Do you know that the readers of this chapter are also the contributors! In case You take benefit of our efforts and encourage us by sending your comments, your name will also be added to this list.

End of the Chapter.