As we look at our surroundings, we see a large variety of things with different shapes, sizes and textures. Everything, in this universe, is made up of material which scientists have named as “matter”. The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars, plants and animals, even a small drop of water or a particle of sand - each thing is matter. We can also see as we look around that all the things mentioned above occupy space, that is, volume and have mass.

Since early times, human beings have been trying to understand their surroundings. Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five basic elements - the “Panch Tatva”- air, earth, fire, sky and water. According to them everything, living or nonliving, was made up of these five basic elements.

Ancient Greek philosophers had arrived at a similar classification of matter.

Modern day scientists have evolved two types of classification of matter based on their physical properties and chemical nature.

In this chapter we shall learn about matter based on its physical properties. Chemical aspects of matter will be taken up in subsequent chapters.